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the Socialist vote

  • 1 vote

    vote [vɔt]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = approbation) [de projet de loi] vote (de for ) ; [de loi, réforme] passing ; [de crédits] voting
       b. ( = suffrage) vote
    • vote blanc/nul blank/spoilt ballot paper
    • procéder or passer au vote to take a vote
    * * *
    vɔt
    nom masculin
    1) ( action) voting, vote
    * * *
    vɔt nm
    * * *
    vote nm
    1 ( action) voting, vote (contre against; en faveur de in favourGB of); droit de vote right to vote; vote d'un budget voting on a budget; vote à main levée/à bulletin secret vote by show of hands/by secret ballot; vote par correspondance postal vote GB, absentee vote US; vote par procuration vote by proxy; vote rural/populaire rural/popular vote; procéder au vote to vote; vote d'une loi passing of a bill;
    2 ( opinion exprimée) vote; compter les votes to count the votes;
    3 ( ensemble des votants) le vote républicain the Republican voters ou vote.
    vote blanc Pol blank vote; vote de confiance vote of confidence; vote sanction protest vote; vote utile tactical vote.
    [vɔt] nom masculin
    1. [voix] vote
    2. [élection] vote
    procédons ou passons au vote let's have ou take a vote
    vote par correspondance postal vote ou ballot (UK), absentee ballot (US)
    3. [d'une loi] passing
    [de crédits] voting
    [d'un projet de loi] vote

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > vote

  • 2 vote

    [vəut] 1. noun
    ((the right to show) one's wish or opinion, eg in a ballot or by raising a hand etc, especially at an election or in a debate: In Britain, the vote was given to women over twenty-one in 1928; Nowadays everyone over eighteen has a vote; A vote was taken to decide the matter.) volilna pravica
    2. verb
    1) (to cast or record one's vote: She voted for the Conservative candidate; I always vote Labour; I shall vote against the restoration of capital punishment.) voliti
    2) (to allow, by a vote, the provision of (something) eg to someone, for a purpose etc: They were voted $5,000 to help them in their research.) izglasovati
    •
    - vote of confidence
    - vote of thanks
    * * *
    I [vóut]
    noun
    volilni, glasovalni glas; glasovanje; pravica glasovanja; (skupni) glasovi; volilec, -lka, glas; volilni, glasovalni izid; (z glasovanjem) donesen sklep ali odobritev; glasovnica, volilni listek; odobrena vsota, budžet; obsolete zaobljuba, vroča želja, molitev
    the vote — volilna, glasovalna pravica
    to cast vote — glasovati, oddati glas
    to get out the vote — pregovoriti volilce, da glasujejo
    to give one's vote to ( —ali for) — oddati svoj glas, glasovati za
    to propose a vote of thanks to the speaker — predlagati poslušalcem, da se s ploskanjem zahvalijo govorniku
    to put s.th. to the vote — dati kaj na glasovanje
    II [vóut]
    transitive verb
    (z glasovanjem) izvoliti, izbrati ( into za kaj); izglasovati; (z glasovanjem) odobriti; figuratively smatrati, proglasiti
    the new teacher was voted a fine fellow — učenci so novega učitelja proglasili za sijajnega dečka; intransitive verb glasovati ( for za, against proti); izglasovati, odobriti, odločiti, predlagati ( that da)
    I vote we go home — predlagam, da gremo domov
    they voted that the budget be accepted — predlagali so, da se budžet sprejme

    English-Slovenian dictionary > vote

  • 3 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

    (PS)
       Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.
       During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.
       By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.
       The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.
       At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.
       In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).
       The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.
       Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.
       Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

  • 4 aliéner

    aliéner [aljene]
    ➭ TABLE 6
    1. transitive verb
    (Law = céder) to alienate ; [+ droits] to give up
    2. reflexive verb
    ► s'aliéner [+ partisans, opinion publique] to alienate
    * * *
    aljene
    1.

    ces mesures lui ont aliéné une partie du vote socialiste — these measures have lost him/her a section of the socialist vote

    2) Philosophie, Sociologie to alienate [personne]

    2.
    s'aliéner verbe pronominal ( détourner) to alienate [confrères, électorat, opinion publique]
    * * *
    aljene vt
    1) PSYCHOLOGIE, PSYCHIATRIE to alienate
    2) [indépendance, souveraineté] to give up
    3) [bien] to give up
    * * *
    aliéner verb table: céder
    A vtr
    1 Jur ( céder) to alienate [terre];
    2 ( perdre) to lose [liberté]; ( par renoncement) to give up;
    3 ( détourner) aliéner qn à qn to alienate sb from sb; ces mesures lui ont aliéné une partie du vote socialiste these measures have lost him a section of the socialist vote;
    4 Philos, Sociol to alienate [personne].
    B s'aliéner vpr
    1 ( détourner) to alienate [confrères, électorat, opinion publique]; s'aliéner qch to lose sth; tu t'es aliéné leur estime you have lost their esteem;
    2 Philos, Sociol to be alienated (à from); s'aliéner par le travail to be alienated by work.
    [aljene] verbe transitif
    1. [abandonner - indépendance, liberté, droit] to give up (separable)
    2. [supprimer - droit, liberté, indépendance] to remove, to confiscate
    3. PHILOSOPHIE & POLITIQUE to alienate
    ————————
    s'aliéner verbe pronominal transitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > aliéner

  • 5 elektora|t

    m sgt 1. Polit. (wyborcy) electorate
    - chłopski elektorat the rural a. peasant electorate
    - elektorat socjalistów znacznie się skurczył the socialist vote has dwindled considerably
    - niezdecydowany elektorat floating voters GB, swing voters US
    2. Hist. electorate

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > elektora|t

  • 6 Royal , Ségolène

       Socialist politician, former députée and former minister, currently Présidente of the Poitou-Charentes regional council. Ségolène Royal was the unsuccessful Socialist candidate in the 2007 French presidential election, that was won by Nicolas Sarkozy. She obtained 47% of the vote in the runoff. In 2007, she briefly managed to reunite a large part of the factious Socialist party behind her candidacy, but failed to keep up the momentum after defeat. In 2008, she was beaten by Martine Aubry in the leadership contest for the Socialist Party. Only a handful of votes separated the two contestants, and there was a recount. Many of Royal's supporters refused to accept the final verdict, and accusations of ballot rigging continued to be made well into 2009.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Royal , Ségolène

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 Aubry, Martine

       b.1950
       Daughter of Jacques Delors, Martine Aubry is a French socialist politician, elected as leader of the Socialist Party (PS) in November 2008 after a fierce contest with her centre-left rival Ségolène Royal. As minister of employment in the Jospin government from 1997 to 2000, Aubry is best known for having introduced the statutory 35-hour working week into French labour law, a move heavily criticized by her political opponents, as having severly damaged France's international competitiveness and thereby boosted unemployment rather than reducing it. Though the Jospin government to which she belonged was committed to getting rid of "cumul des mandats", Aubry in early 2009 was simultaneously first secretary of the Socialist Party, Mayor of Lille, and president of the Lille metropolitan area. As leader of the PS, she has been much criticised from within, firstly for her very narrow margin of victory in the leadership contest (50.04%), secondly for being a "three-day-week" leader of the PS (the rest of the week being devoted to her functions in Lille) and thirdly for leading the party to its worst electoral score, in the 2009 European elections, where the Socialists obtained under 15% of the vote, just a short way in front of the Green party.
       Since the Strauss-Kahn affair rocked the Socialist party in 2011, Aubry is seen as one of the two main contenders for nomination as the PS's candidate in the French 2012 Presidential election - the other being her predecessor the more social democratic François Hollande.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Aubry, Martine

  • 9 labour

    ['leɪbə(r)] 1.
    nome proprio + verbo pl. partito m. laburista
    2.
    aggettivo [supporter, view, manifesto] del partito laburista, laburista; [MP, vote] laburista
    * * *
    ['leibə] 1. noun
    1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) lavoro
    2) (workmen on a job: The firm is having difficulty hiring labour.) manodopera
    3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) travaglio
    4) (used (with capital) as a name for the Socialist party in the United Kingdom.) partito laburista, laburisti
    2. verb
    1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) lavorare
    2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) avanzare faticosamente, arrancare
    •
    - laboriously
    - laboriousness
    - labourer
    - labour court
    - labour dispute
    - labour-saving
    * * *
    ['leɪbə(r)] 1.
    nome proprio + verbo pl. partito m. laburista
    2.
    aggettivo [supporter, view, manifesto] del partito laburista, laburista; [MP, vote] laburista

    English-Italian dictionary > labour

  • 10 Sócrates, José

    (Carvalho Pinto de Sousa)
    (1957-)
       Politician, head of the Socialist Party, and prime minister of Portugal. Born in Oporto, Sôcrates lived his early years in Covilha, central Portugal. Trained as a civil engineer, Sôcrates' professional credentials became the subject of a heated political controversy after he became an important politician. The validity of his engineering degree, as well as the academic respectability of the private university at which he had received the disputed credential, were brought into question in the media.
       Sôcrates helped found the youth wing of the Social Democratic Party and, since 1981, has been a member of the Socialist Party.
       His specialty has been environmental affairs, and in the first government of Antônio Guterres, he served as undersecretary of state for the environment. He later became Minister for Youth and Sport in the second Guterres government in 1999. One of his main causes has been to ban smoking in public buildings and public transport and, in January 2008, a law was passed to this effect. (Sôcrates became the target of criticism when it was discovered that he had smoked on a flight from Portugal to Venezuela.) He again became Minister for Youth and Sports and helped organize the 2004 EURO cup ( futebol) in Portugal. He won the post of secretary-general of the Socialist Party in 2004 with a strong vote, and he became prime minister of the XVII constitutional government in March 2005. He was also president-in-office of the European Union during the second half of 2007.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sócrates, José

  • 11 Christian Democratic Party

       Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.
       In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.
       Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party

  • 12 Chirac, Jacques

       born 1932.
       (adj. Chiraquien)
       Former conservative (Gaullist) President of France, from 1995 to 2007. Chirac's reelection in 2002 was an unexpected twist of fortune, caused by the elimination of the front-runner, socialist Lionel Jospin, pipped into third place in the first round of the election by a surge in the vote for the far right wing leader of the French National Front, Jean Marie Le Pen.Facing Le Pen in the second round, Chirac was reelected with a massive majority in what was in essence a contest between the the extreme right and everyone else. Had the second round of the election been a classic left-right contest, Chirac's re-election would not have been guaranteed.
       Jacques Chirac was a highly ambitious career politician, who worked his way rapidly up the ranks of the Gaullist movement; yet his first steps in politics were actually as a militant for the Communist party, and as a student he sold the communist newspaper l'Humanité on the streets of Paris. After graduating from "Sciences Po", he changed tack, married into Parisian high society, studied at the elite ENA (Ecole Nationale d'Administration), and then began a career in politics, working for the office of the prime minister, Georges Pompidou. In 1976, he was appointed junior minister for employment in the third Pompidou government, and from then after he remained one of the most omnipresent of conservative politicians in France. From Gaullist, he became a supporter of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing during Giscard's 1974 bid for the presidency - against the Gaullist Chaban-Delmas - and was appointed Prime Minister when Giscard won. Two years later, he resigned, complaining that Giscard was cramping his style.
       This was the start of his rise to the top. No longer prime minister, in 1977 he set about building his own power base, or rather his own two power bases, firstly as leader of a new political party, the RPR, created out of the old Gaullist UDR, and secondly by becoming elected Mayor of Paris. In 1981, he challenged Giscard for the presidency, but came third in the first round of the election, which was won by François Mitterrand. By 1986 he was clear leader of the conservative opposition. When the conservatives won the general election of that year, he was appointed prime minister, ushering in the first period of cohabitation (see below) between a president and a government of different political persuasions.
       In 1988, he was again a candidate in the presidential election, and again lost; but with his power base in Paris and in the RPR, he then had seven years in which to prepare his third, and first successful, challenge for the presidency.
       He served two terms as president, the first of seven years, the second of five - though as already stated, his reelection in 2002 was more due to the failure of the Socialist campaign and the surprise presence of Le Pen in the second round, than in his own popularity. It is still rather early to judge the Chirac presidency in a historic perspective, but early appraisals suggest that it will not be remembered as a great period in French history. It was a time during which France dramatically failed to adapt to the changes in the modern world - the end of the Cold War and the challenge of globalisation - and failed to push through the social and economic reforms that were allowing other developed nations such as France, Germany or Spain, to find their place in the new world order.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Chirac, Jacques

  • 13 Left Bloc/Bloco de Esquerda

    (BE)
       The Left Bloc is an electoral alliance of three extreme left political parties, the Revolutionary Socialist Party/Partido Socialista Revolucionáro (PSR), Popular Democratic Union/União Democrátrico Popular (UDP), and Política XXI/ Politics Twenty-One, and other independent candidates. It was created prior to the 1999 European Union (EU) election. It did not win representation in the EU parliament but did win two parliamentary seats in the legislative elections of October 1999. This made the Left Bloc the Portuguese Communist Party's (PCP) rival on the left. The manner in which both parties conduct themselves in the future will determine whether the BE disappears to leave the PCP as the main left opposition, or whether the BE profits from the PCP's slow transformation in an increasingly modern society.
       The Left Bloc is supported primarily by urban youth. A close analysis of its voters in the cited 1999 general elections suggests that the alliance is actually stealing more votes from the Socialist Party (PS) than from the PCP. In 2001, Fernando Rosas ran as BE candidate for president and received 2.9 percent of the vote.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Left Bloc/Bloco de Esquerda

  • 14 majority

    mə'‹o-
    1) (the greater number: the majority of people.) mayoría
    2) (the difference between a greater and a smaller number: The Democratic Party won by/with a majority of six hundred votes.) mayoría
    majority n mayoría
    tr[mə'ʤɒrɪtɪ]
    1 mayoría
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL (adulthood) mayoría de edad
    1 mayoritario,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in a/the majority ser mayoría
    majority leader SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL líder nombre masulino o femenino de la mayoría
    majority rule gobierno mayoritario
    majority verdict veredicto por mayoría
    silent majority mayoría silenciosa
    majority [mə'ʤɔrət̬i] n, pl - ties
    1) adulthood: mayoría f de edad
    2) : mayoría f, mayor parte f
    the vast majority: la inmensa mayoría
    adj.
    • de la mayoría adj.
    n.
    • comandancia s.f.
    • generalidad s.f.
    • mayoría s.f.
    • pluralidad s.f.
    mə'dʒɔːrəti, mə'dʒɒrəti
    noun (pl - ties)
    1)
    a) ( greater number) (+ sing o pl vb) mayoría f

    to be in the majority — ser* mayoría

    the silent majority — la mayoría silenciosa; (before n) <decision, party> mayoritario

    majority holding o interest — participación f mayoritaria

    majority rule — gobierno m de la mayoría

    b) ( margin) mayoría f, margen m
    2) ( adulthood) mayoría f de edad
    [mǝ'dʒɒrɪtɪ]
    1. N

    in the majority of cases — en la mayoría or la mayor parte de los casos

    such people are in a majority — la mayoría de la gente es así, predomina la gente así

    the great majority of lecturers — la mayoría or la mayor parte de los conferenciantes

    2) (Jur)
    2.
    CPD

    majority interest N — interés m mayoritario

    majority opinion N — (US) opinión f mayoritaria

    majority rule N — gobierno m mayoritario, gobierno m en mayoría

    by a majority verdict — por fallo or veredicto mayoritario

    MAJORITY, MOST
    Singular or plural verb?
    When m ayoría is the subject of a verb, the verb can be in the singular or the plural, depending on the context. ► When translating maj ority rather than most, put the verb in the singular if majority is seen as a unit rather than a collection of individuals:
    The socialist majority voted against the four amendments La mayoría socialista votó en contra de las cuatro enmiendas ► If la mayoría is seen as a collection of individuals, particularly when it is followed by de + ((plural noun)), the plural form of the verb is more common than the singular, though both are possible:
    The majority still wear this uniform La mayoría siguen vistiendo or sigue vistiendo este uniforme
    Most scientists believe it is a mistake La mayoría de los científicos creen or cree que se trata de un error ► The plural form must be used when la mayoría or la mayoría de + ((plural noun)) is followed by ser or estar + ((plural complement)):
    Most of them are men La mayoría son hombres
    Most of the dead were students La mayoría de los muertos eran estudiantes
    Most of the children were black La mayoría de los niños eran negros For further uses and examples, see majority, most
    * * *
    [mə'dʒɔːrəti, mə'dʒɒrəti]
    noun (pl - ties)
    1)
    a) ( greater number) (+ sing o pl vb) mayoría f

    to be in the majority — ser* mayoría

    the silent majority — la mayoría silenciosa; (before n) <decision, party> mayoritario

    majority holding o interest — participación f mayoritaria

    majority rule — gobierno m de la mayoría

    b) ( margin) mayoría f, margen m
    2) ( adulthood) mayoría f de edad

    English-spanish dictionary > majority

  • 15 dominar

    v.
    1 to control (controlar) (pasión, nervios, caballo).
    era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle
    2 to overcome.
    lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her
    3 to master (conocer) (técnica, tema).
    domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluently
    ha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English within a few months
    4 to overlook.
    desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here
    5 to predominate.
    6 to dominate, to domineer, to bestride, to have sway over.
    El tirano domina al pueblo The tyrant dominates the people.
    Ella domina su ira She dominates her anger.
    7 to tower above, to dominate.
    El cerro domina el horizonte The hill dominates the horizon.
    8 to have the control, to dominate, to have ascendancy, to have the ascendancy.
    Ella domina She has the control.
    9 to calm down forcibly, to calm down.
    10 to take over.
    * * *
    1 (tener bajo dominio) to dominate
    2 (avasallar) to domineer
    3 (controlar) to control, restrain
    4 (conocer a fondo) to master
    5 (ver) to overlook, dominate
    1 (ser superior) to dominate
    2 (destacar) to stand out
    3 (predominar) to predominate
    1 (controlarse) to control oneself, restrain oneself
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=controlar) [+ población, territorio] to dominate; [+ países] to rule, rule over; [+ adversario] to overpower; [+ caballo] to control
    2) (=contener) [+ incendio, epidemia] to check, bring under control; [+ rebelión] to put down, suppress; [+ pasión] to control, master; [+ nervios, emoción] to control; [+ dolor] to overcome
    3) [+ técnica, tema] to master
    4) (=estar por encima de)
    2. VI
    1) [edificio] to tower
    2) (=predominar) [color, rasgo] to stand out; [opinión, tendencia] to predominate
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to control

    dominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy

    b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very well
    d) montaña/torre to dominate
    2.
    dominar vi color/tendencia to predominate; opinión to prevail; equipo to dominate
    3.
    dominarse v pron persona to restrain o control oneself
    * * *
    = dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.
    Ex. The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.
    Ex. This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.
    Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex. The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.
    Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex. The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex. Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex. The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.
    Ex. The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.
    Ex. E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.
    Ex. In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.
    Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex. Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.
    Ex. I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.
    Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex. Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.
    Ex. She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.
    Ex. They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.
    Ex. A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    ----
    * dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.
    * dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.
    * dominar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * dominar una destreza = master + skill.
    * dominar una técnica = master + technique.
    * la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to control

    dominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy

    b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very well
    d) montaña/torre to dominate
    2.
    dominar vi color/tendencia to predominate; opinión to prevail; equipo to dominate
    3.
    dominarse v pron persona to restrain o control oneself
    * * *
    = dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.

    Ex: The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.

    Ex: This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.
    Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex: The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.
    Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex: The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex: Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex: The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.
    Ex: The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.
    Ex: E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.
    Ex: In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.
    Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex: Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.
    Ex: I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.
    Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex: Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.
    Ex: She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.
    Ex: They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.
    Ex: A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    * dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.
    * dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.
    * dominar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * dominar una destreza = master + skill.
    * dominar una técnica = master + technique.
    * la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

    * * *
    dominar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (controlar) ‹nación/territorio› to dominate; ‹persona› to dominate; ‹pasión/cólera› to control
    tiene a los niños totalmente dominados she has the children well under her thumb o under control
    dominado por la ambición ruled by ambition
    dominado por los celos consumed by jealousy
    no logró dominar su ira she couldn't contain o control her anger
    el equipo que dominó el encuentro the team which dominated the match
    no logró dominar el vehículo/caballo he couldn't get control of the vehicle/horse
    la policía dominó la situación en todo momento the police had the situation under control at all times
    2 ‹tema/idioma›
    no domino el tema I'm no expert on the subject
    domina el francés she has a good command of French
    nunca voy a poder dominar el inglés I'll never be able to master English
    3
    (abarcar con la vista): desde allí se domina toda la bahía there's a view over the whole bay from there, from there you can look out over the whole bay
    4 «montaña/torre» to dominate
    ■ dominar
    vi
    «color/tendencia» to predominate; «opinión» to prevail
    el tema que dominó en las negociones the subject which dominated the talks
    el equipo visitante dominó durante el segundo tiempo the visitors dominated the second half o were on top in the second half
    «persona» to restrain o control oneself
    * * *

     

    dominar ( conjugate dominar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( controlar) ‹nación/territorio/persona› to dominate;

    ‹pasión/cólera› to control;
    ‹vehículo/caballo› to control;
    ◊ dominado por la ambición/los celos ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy


    ‹tema/asignatura› to know … very well


    verbo intransitivo [color/tendencia] to predominate;
    [ opinión] to prevail;
    [ equipo] to dominate
    dominarse verbo pronominal [ persona] to restrain o control oneself
    dominar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un pueblo, país) to dominate, rule
    2 (contener, controlar) to control
    3 (conocer perfectamente: un idioma) to speak very well
    (: un asunto, una actividad) to master
    4 (con la vista) to overlook
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to dominate
    2 (un color, una característica) to stand out
    ' dominar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - imperar
    - imponerse
    - vencer
    - conocer
    - dejar
    - reducir
    - someter
    - sujetar
    English:
    control
    - curb
    - dominate
    - hold down
    - master
    - overpower
    - pervade
    - restrain
    - subdue
    - sway
    - tower
    - over
    - rule
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [controlar] [país, territorio, pueblo] to dominate, to rule (over);
    [persona, caballo] to control; [emociones, nervios] to control, to keep under control; [situación] to be in control of; [incendio, epidemia] to bring under control; [rebelión] to put down; [partido] to dominate;
    la guerrilla domina toda esta zona guerrillas control this entire area;
    la policía logró dominar a los alborotadores the police managed to bring the troublemakers under control;
    tiene al marido dominado she has her husband under her thumb;
    era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle;
    no supo dominar sus nervios she couldn't control her nervousness;
    el equipo local dominó el partido en todo momento the local team dominated the game from the beginning
    2. [sujeto: pasión, nervios, emociones] to overcome;
    lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her
    3. [ser experto en] [técnica, tema] to master;
    [lengua] to be fluent in;
    domina a la perfección los temas de contabilidad he has a perfect mastery of accounting;
    domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluently;
    ha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English in a few months;
    ¡cómo domina el balón! what great ball control!
    4. [divisar] to overlook;
    desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here
    5. [destacar por encima de] to dominate;
    el castillo domina el pueblo the castle dominates the town
    ♦ vi
    [predominar] to predominate;
    una zona donde domina el voto socialista an area with a predominantly socialist vote
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 persona, mercado dominate
    2 idioma have a good command of
    II v/i dominate
    * * *
    1) : to dominate
    2) : to master, to be proficient at
    : to predominate, to prevail
    * * *
    1. (en general) to dominate
    2. (tener bajo poder) to rule over
    3. (controlar) to control
    4. (contener) to bring under control [pt. & pp. brought]
    5. (idioma) to be fluent in
    6. (otras materias) to be good at / to be an expert on

    Spanish-English dictionary > dominar

  • 16 national

    national ['næʃənəl]
    national;
    ∎ the national newspapers la presse nationale;
    ∎ he became a national hero il est devenu un héros national;
    ∎ the country's national sport le sport national du pays;
    ∎ a source of national pride une source de fierté nationale;
    ∎ the killings caused a national outcry les assassinats ont scandalisé le pays;
    ∎ on a national scale à l'échelle nationale;
    ∎ they won 38 percent of the national vote ils ont remporté 38 pour cent des voix sur l'ensemble du pays;
    ∎ it's not in the national interest ce n'est pas dans l'intérêt du pays
    2 noun
    (a) (person) ressortissant(e) m,f;
    ∎ all EU nationals tous les ressortissants des pays de l'Union européenne;
    ∎ Irish nationals ressortissants mpl de la République d'Irlande
    (b) (newspaper) journal m national
    ►► national accounting comptabilité f nationale;
    national anthem hymne m national;
    French Canadian national assembly (in Quebec) Assemblée f nationale;
    British old-fashioned national assistance assistance f publique;
    American National Association of Colleges and Universities = association des établissements d'enseignement supérieur américains;
    British the National Audit Office ≃ la Cour des comptes;
    national bank = banque agréée par le gouvernement américain et qui doit faire partie du système bancaire fédéral;
    the National Cancer Institute = organisme américain de recherche sur le cancer;
    the National Childbirth Trust = organisme d'information et d'éducation des jeunes parents en Grande-Bretagne;
    Australian national code football m australien;
    American the National Collegiate Athletic Association = association interuniversitaire traitant des questions sportives;
    American Politics National Convention = grande réunion du parti démocrate ou républicain pour choisir le "ticket" (candidats à la présidence et à la vice-présidence);
    national costume costume m national;
    the National Council for Civil Liberties = en Grande-Bretagne, ligue de défense des droits du citoyen luttant contre toute forme de discrimination;
    the National Council for Vocational Qualifications = organisme britannique responsable de la formation professionnelle;
    the National Curriculum = programme introduit en 1988 définissant au niveau national (Angleterre et pays de Galles) le contenu de l'enseignement primaire et secondaire;
    Finance national debt dette f publique, dette f de l'État;
    national dress costume m national;
    the National Endowment for the Arts = organisme américain accordant des bourses à des artistes, des musées ou des compagnies théâtrales;
    the National Endowment for the Humanities = organisme américain accordant des bourses à des écrivains ou à des chercheurs;
    the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts = organisme indépendant d'aide financière, à partir de fonds provenant de la Loterie nationale, aux artistes, inventeurs et scientifiques;
    Press National Enquirer = hebdomadaire américain à sensation;
    British the National Enterprise Board ≃ Agence f nationale pour le développement industriel;
    British Politics the National Executive Committee = comité chargé de définir la ligne d'action du parti travailliste;
    the National Exhibition Centre = centre de conférences et d'expositions à Birmingham (Angleterre);
    National Express ® = société d'autocars reliant les principales villes de Grande-Bretagne;
    British National Extension College centre m d'enseignement à distance;
    the National Farmers' Union = syndicat britannique d'exploitants agricoles;
    the National Film Theatre = cinémathèque à Londres;
    the National Foundation of the Arts and Humanities = organisme public américain d'aide à l'action culturelle;
    the National Front = parti d'extrême droite britannique, ≃ le Front national;
    the National Gallery la National Gallery (principal musée de peinture du Royaume-Uni, situé à Londres);
    national government gouvernement m de coalition;
    Finance National Giro = service britannique de chèques postaux;
    the National Graphical Association = syndicat britannique d'imprimeurs;
    national grid British Electricity réseau m national d'électricité; Geography réseau m;
    the National Guard (in the US) la Garde nationale (armée nationale américaine composée de volontaires);
    National Guardsman membre m de la Garde nationale;
    the National Health (Service) = système créé en 1946 en Grande-Bretagne et financé par l'État, assurant la gratuité des soins et des services médicaux, ≃ la Sécurité sociale;
    ∎ to get treatment on the National Health (Service) se faire soigner sous le régime de la Sécurité sociale;
    British National Health Service glasses = modèle de lunettes remboursé par la Sécurité sociale;
    National Heritage = organisme ayant pour mission la conservation du patrimoine;
    national hunt (racing) courses fpl d'obstacles;
    national income revenu m national;
    British national insurance = système britannique de sécurité sociale (maladie, retraite) et d'assurance chômage;
    national insurance contributions cotisations fpl à la Sécurité sociale;
    national insurance number numéro m de Sécurité sociale;
    American the National Labor Relations Board = organisme américain de conciliation et d'arbitrage des conflits du travail, ≃ conseil m de prud'hommes;
    Press National Lampoon = revue satirique américaine;
    National League = l'une des deux ligues professionnelles de base-ball aux États-Unis;
    the National Lottery = loterie nationale britannique;
    the National Liberation Front le Front de libération nationale;
    the National Maritime Museum = musée de la mer situé à Greenwich;
    National Missile Defence System projet m NMD (programme de défense antimissiles américain);
    National Organization for Women = organisation de lutte pour les droits de la femme;
    national park parc m national;
    the National Portrait Gallery = musée londonien entièrement consacré aux portraits;
    National Power = entreprise privée de production d'électricité en Angleterre et au pays de Galles;
    Finance national product produit m national;
    National Public Radio = réseau américain de stations de radio libres;
    national readership survey étude f nationale sur le lectorat;
    the National Rifle Association = association américaine défendant le droit au port d'armes;
    British National Savings Bank ≃ Caisse f nationale d'épargne;
    National Savings certificate bon m de caisse d'épargne;
    Irish national school école f primaire;
    American the National Science Foundation = organisme d'aide à la recherche scientifique;
    national security sécurité f nationale;
    American Politics National Security Adviser = conseiller du président américain sur les questions de sécurité nationale;
    Politics the National Security Council le Conseil de sécurité nationale;
    British national service service m militaire;
    British national serviceman appelé m, militaire m du contingent;
    national socialism national-socialisme m;
    1 noun
    national-socialiste mf
    national-socialiste;
    the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children = association britannique de protection de l'enfance;
    Irish national teacher instituteur(trice) m,f;
    the National Theatre (in London) = important centre dramatique à Londres, siège de la Royal National Theatre Company;
    American the National Transportation Safety Board = agence du gouvernement américain chargée des questions de sécurité dans le domaine des transports;
    British the National Trust = organisme non gouvernemental britannique assurant la conservation de certains paysages et monuments historiques;
    National Trust property ≃ site m protégé;
    the National Trust for Scotland = organisme non gouvernemental assurant la conservation de certains paysages et monuments historiques écossais;
    National Vocational Qualification = diplôme britannique professionnel national;
    the National Weather Service = les services météorologiques américains
    ⓘ NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE Le "National Health Service" ou "NHS" fut créé par le gouvernement travailliste en 1946, donnant accès à chacun aux soins médicaux gratuits. Cependant, au cours des années 80, le gouvernement de Margaret Thatcher voulut encourager le public à souscrire des assurances médicales privées, et le "NHS" subit des coupes budgétaires importantes. Au cours de ces dernières années, la polémique autour du "National Health Service" s'est intensifiée. Le "NHS" connaît en effet de nombreuses difficultés.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > national

  • 17 labour

    'leibə
    1. noun
    1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) trabajo
    2) (workmen on a job: The firm is having difficulty hiring labour.) obreros, mano de obra
    3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) parto, dolores de parto
    4) (used (with capital) as a name for the Socialist party in the United Kingdom.) Partido Laborista

    2. verb
    1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) trabajar duro
    2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) avanzar penosamente, funcionar con dificultad
    •
    - laboriously
    - laboriousness
    - labourer
    - labour court
    - labour dispute
    - labour-saving
    labour1 n
    1. trabajo
    2. mano de obra
    labour is very expensive nowadays hoy en día, la mano de obra es muy cara
    labour2 vb trabajar mucho
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL los laboristas nombre masculino plural, el Partido Laborista
    adj.
    • de trabajo adj.
    • laboral adj.
    n.
    • faena s.f.
    • labor s.f.
    • mano de obra s.f.
    • parto s.m.
    • tarea s.f.
    • trabajo s.m.
    v.
    • trabajar v.

    ••
    Cultural note:
    El Partido Laborista es uno de los tres principales partidos políticos de Gran Bretaña. Accedió por primera vez al poder en 1924 con el objetivo de representar los intereses de los trabajadores y sindicatos. En las últimas décadas ha abandonado su postura de izquierda en puntos tales como la propiedad pública de la industria y los servicios y hoy en día sus líderes prefieren denominarlo New Labour
    = labor (US) ['leɪbǝʳ]
    1. N
    1) (=work, toil) trabajom

    • the [division] of labour — la división del trabajo

    •[hard] labour — (Jur)trabajos mplforzados

    •[Ministry] of Labour — Ministeriomde Trabajo

    • to [withdraw] one's labour — ponerse en huelga; manual

    2) (=effort)
    (usu pl) trabajom, esfuerzom

    • he is starting to see the [fruits] of his labours — está empezando a ver los frutos de su trabajo {or} sus esfuerzos

    3) (=task) trabajom, tareaf

    • a labour of [love] — un trabajo realizado con amor, una tarea realizada con amor

    • the labours of [Hercules] — los trabajos de Hércules

    4) (Ind)(=workers) obreros mpl; (=workforce) manofde obra

    •[capital] and labour — la empresa y los obreros

    • women were used as a source of [cheap] labour — se utilizaba a las mujeres como mano de obra barata; child; skilled

    5)

    •[Labour] — (Brit)(Pol)el Partido Laborista, los laboristas

    • to [vote] Labour — votar a los laboristas

    6) (=birth) partom

    • to [be in] labour — estar de parto

    • to [go into] labour — ponerse de parto

    2.
    VT [+ point]insistir en

    • I think that's labouring the [point] a bit — creo que eso es insistir demasiado en ese punto

    3. VI
    1) (=work) trabajar

    • to labour [at] sth — trabajar en algo

    • the labouring [classes] — las clases trabajadoras

    • a labouring [job] — un trabajo de peón

    • to labour [to] do sth — esforzarse {or} afanarse por hacer algo

    2) (=struggle)
    [engine]sonar forzado

    to labour up a hill — [person, vehicle]subir una cuesta con esfuerzo {or} dificultad

    • you seem to be labouring under a [misapprehension] — me parece que te estás equivocando

    to labour under the misapprehension {or} illusion that — engañarse pensando que, creerse que

    4.
    CPD

    labour campN — campamentomde trabajos forzados

    labour chargesNPL — gastos mplde mano de obra

    labour costsNPL — costo msingde la mano de obra

    Labour DayN — Díamdel Trabajo, Díamde los Trabajadores

    Labour ExchangeN — (Brit)

    (formerly) Bolsafde Trabajo


    labour forceN — (=numbers, people) manofde obra

    labour lawN — (as study) derechomlaboral

    labour marketN — mercadomlaboral, mercadomdel trabajo

    labour painsNPL — (=birth) dolores mplde parto

    Labour PartyN — PartidomLaborista

    labour supplyN — ofertafde mano de obra

    labour wardN — salafde partos

    * * *

    ••
    Cultural note:
    El Partido Laborista es uno de los tres principales partidos políticos de Gran Bretaña. Accedió por primera vez al poder en 1924 con el objetivo de representar los intereses de los trabajadores y sindicatos. En las últimas décadas ha abandonado su postura de izquierda en puntos tales como la propiedad pública de la industria y los servicios y hoy en día sus líderes prefieren denominarlo New Labour

    English-spanish dictionary > labour

  • 18 Labour

    1.
    ['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun
    1) (task) Arbeit, die

    something is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache

    2) (exertion) Mühe, die
    3) (work) Arbeit, die
    4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die
    5)

    Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party

    6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.

    be in labour — in den Wehen liegen

    go into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also academic.ru/38655/intensive">intensive 5)

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)
    2) (strive) sich einsetzen ( for für)
    3)
    3. transitive verb
    (elaborate needlessly)

    there's no need to labour the point — du brauchst dich nicht lange darüber zu verbreiten

    * * *
    ['leibə] 1. noun
    1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) die Arbeit
    2) (workmen on a job: The firm is having difficulty hiring labour.) die Arbeiter (pl.)
    3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) die Wehen (pl.)
    4) (used (with capital) as a name for the Socialist party in the United Kingdom.) die Labour Party
    2. verb
    1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) arbeiten
    2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) sich (ab)mühen
    •
    - laborious
    - laboriously
    - laboriousness
    - labourer
    - labour court
    - labour dispute
    - labour-saving
    * * *
    La·bour
    [ˈleɪbəʳ]
    I. n no pl POL Labour Party f
    to vote \Labour Labour wählen
    II. n modifier POL (Labour-)
    \Labour candidate Labourkandidat(in) m(f)
    * * *
    (US) ['leɪbə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= work in general) Arbeit f; (= toil) Anstrengung f, Mühe f
    2) (= task) Aufgabe f

    it was a labour of love — ich/er etc tat es aus Liebe zur Sache

    this biography is clearly a labour of love —

    3)
    See:
    → hard labour
    4) (= persons) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl
    5) (Brit POL)

    this district is Labour — dies ist ein Labourbezirk

    6) (MED) Wehen pl

    to be in labour — in den Wehen liegen, die Wehen haben

    2. vt
    point, subject auswalzen, breittreten (inf)

    I won't labour the point — ich will nicht darauf herumreiten

    3. vi
    1) (in fields etc) arbeiten; (= work hard) sich abmühen (at, with mit)

    they laboured hard to get the house finished on time — sie gaben sich die größte Mühe, das Haus rechtzeitig fertigzustellen

    2) (= move etc with effort or difficulty) sich quälen

    the engine is labouring — der Motor hört sich gequält an; (in wrong gear) der Motor läuft untertourig

    to labour up a hill — sich einen Hügel hinaufquälen, mühsam den Berg hochkriechen

    his breathing became laboured — er begann, schwer zu atmen

    * * *
    Lab. abk
    1. POL Br Labour
    * * *
    1.
    ['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun
    1) (task) Arbeit, die

    something is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache

    2) (exertion) Mühe, die
    3) (work) Arbeit, die
    4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die
    5)

    Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party

    6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.

    go into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also intensive 5)

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)
    2) (strive) sich einsetzen ( for für)
    3)
    3. transitive verb
    * * *
    (UK) n.
    Arbeit -en f.

    English-german dictionary > Labour

  • 19 labour

    1.
    ['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun
    1) (task) Arbeit, die

    something is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache

    2) (exertion) Mühe, die
    3) (work) Arbeit, die
    4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die
    5)

    Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party

    6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.

    be in labour — in den Wehen liegen

    go into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also academic.ru/38655/intensive">intensive 5)

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)
    2) (strive) sich einsetzen ( for für)
    3)
    3. transitive verb
    (elaborate needlessly)

    there's no need to labour the point — du brauchst dich nicht lange darüber zu verbreiten

    * * *
    ['leibə] 1. noun
    1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) die Arbeit
    2) (workmen on a job: The firm is having difficulty hiring labour.) die Arbeiter (pl.)
    3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) die Wehen (pl.)
    4) (used (with capital) as a name for the Socialist party in the United Kingdom.) die Labour Party
    2. verb
    1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) arbeiten
    2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) sich (ab)mühen
    •
    - laborious
    - laboriously
    - laboriousness
    - labourer
    - labour court
    - labour dispute
    - labour-saving
    * * *
    La·bour
    [ˈleɪbəʳ]
    I. n no pl POL Labour Party f
    to vote \Labour Labour wählen
    II. n modifier POL (Labour-)
    \Labour candidate Labourkandidat(in) m(f)
    * * *
    (US) ['leɪbə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= work in general) Arbeit f; (= toil) Anstrengung f, Mühe f
    2) (= task) Aufgabe f

    it was a labour of love — ich/er etc tat es aus Liebe zur Sache

    this biography is clearly a labour of love —

    3)
    See:
    → hard labour
    4) (= persons) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl
    5) (Brit POL)

    this district is Labour — dies ist ein Labourbezirk

    6) (MED) Wehen pl

    to be in labour — in den Wehen liegen, die Wehen haben

    2. vt
    point, subject auswalzen, breittreten (inf)

    I won't labour the point — ich will nicht darauf herumreiten

    3. vi
    1) (in fields etc) arbeiten; (= work hard) sich abmühen (at, with mit)

    they laboured hard to get the house finished on time — sie gaben sich die größte Mühe, das Haus rechtzeitig fertigzustellen

    2) (= move etc with effort or difficulty) sich quälen

    the engine is labouring — der Motor hört sich gequält an; (in wrong gear) der Motor läuft untertourig

    to labour up a hill — sich einen Hügel hinaufquälen, mühsam den Berg hochkriechen

    his breathing became laboured — er begann, schwer zu atmen

    * * *
    labour, laboured, labourer etc besonders Br für labor, labored, laborer etc
    labor, besonders Br labour [ˈleıbə(r)]
    A s
    1. (schwere) Arbeit:
    a labor of love eine gern oder unentgeltlich getane Arbeit, ein Liebesdienst; → hard labo(u)r, Herculean 1, Hercules
    2. Mühe f, Plage f, Anstrengung f:
    lost labor vergebliche Mühe
    3. WIRTSCH
    a) Arbeiter(klasse) pl(f), Arbeiterschaft f
    b) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl:
    labor and management Arbeitnehmer pl und Arbeitgeber pl;
    cheap labor billige Arbeitskräfte;
    shortage of labor Mangel m an Arbeitskräften; → skilled 2, unskilled 2
    4. Labour (ohne art) POL die Labour Party (Großbritanniens etc)
    5. MED Wehen pl:
    be in labor in den Wehen liegen
    6. Schlingern n, Stampfen n (eines Schiffs)
    B v/i
    1. (schwer) arbeiten (at an dat), sich bemühen ( for sth um etwas), sich anstrengen oder abmühen ( to do zu tun)
    2. auch labor along sich mühsam fortbewegen oder fortschleppen, nur schwer vorankommen:
    labor through sich durch Schlamm etc, a. ein Buch etc kämpfen;
    labor up the hill sich den Berg hinaufquälen
    3. stampfen, schlingern (Schiff)
    a) zu leiden haben (unter dat), zu kämpfen haben (mit), kranken (an dat):
    labor under difficulties mit Schwierigkeiten zu kämpfen haben
    b) befangen sein (in dat): → delusion 2, misapprehension
    5. MED in den Wehen liegen
    C v/t
    1. ausführlich oder umständlich behandeln, bis ins Einzelne ausarbeiten oder ausführen, breitwalzen:
    labor a point auf einer Sache herumreiten umg
    2. obs oder poet den Boden bestellen, bebauen
    D adj
    1. Arbeits…:
    labor camp (conditions, court, etc);
    a) Arbeitskosten,
    b) Lohnkosten
    2. Arbeiter…:
    labor leader Arbeiterführer(in) ( → D 3, D 4);
    labor movement Arbeiterbewegung f ( → D 4);
    labor demand Nachfrage f nach Arbeitskräften
    3. Labour POL Labour…:
    labor leader führende Person in der Labour Party (Großbritanniens etc)( → D 2, D 4)
    4. labor US Gewerkschafts…:
    labor leader Gewerkschaftsführer(in) ( → D 2, D 3);
    labor movement Gewerkschaftsbewegung f ( → D 2)
    * * *
    1.
    ['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun
    1) (task) Arbeit, die

    something is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache

    2) (exertion) Mühe, die
    3) (work) Arbeit, die
    4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die
    5)

    Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party

    6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.

    go into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also intensive 5)

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)
    2) (strive) sich einsetzen ( for für)
    3)
    3. transitive verb
    * * *
    (UK) n.
    Arbeit -en f.

    English-german dictionary > labour

  • 20 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

    (1939-)
       Leading figure in post-1974 Portugal, Social Democrat leader, prime minister (1985-95), president of the Republic since 2006. Born in the Algarve in 1939, Cavaco Silva was educated in Faro and Lisbon and, in 1964, obtained a degree in finance at the University of Lisbon. Like many of the younger leaders of post-1974 Portugal, Cavaco Silva underwent an important part of his professional training abroad; in December 1973, he received a doctorate in economics from York University, Great Britain. He entered academic life as an economics and finance professor in 1974 and taught until he entered politics full-time in 1980, when he was named minister of finance in the sixth constitutional government of Social Democratic Party (PSD) leader and prime minister Sá Carneiro. He was elected a PSD deputy to the Republican Assembly in October 1980. Following the general legislative elections of October 1985, Cavaco Silva was named prime minister of the 10th constitutional government. His party, the PSD, strengthened its hold on the legislature yet again in the 1987 election when, for the first time since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal was ruled by a party with a clear majority of seats in the legislature.
       Cavaco Silva, who has emphasized a strong free-enterprise and denationalization policy in the framework of economic rejuvenation, served as prime minister (1985-95) and, in the elections of 1987 and 1991, his party won a clear majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic (more than 50 percent), which encouraged stability and economic progress in postrevolutionary Portugal. In the 1995 general elections, the Socialist Party (PS) defeated the PSD; he ran for the presidency of the republic in 1995 and lost to Jorge Sampaio. Cavaco Silva retired briefly from politics to teach at the Catholic University. In October 2005, he announced his return to politics and became a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. On 22 January 2006, he received 50.5 percent of the vote and was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

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